PRESENTATION DAY..........

WEEK 28

8.00 am 

Today is my presentation day, i will do my best for my presentation .

2.00 pm

Finally i had success present my final year projects and there are recommendation that given by the accessor to improved my projects but im really happy because i do it well 

PRESENT TO SUPERVISOR

WEEK 27

After testing about my circuit, all the components had been troubleshooting properly and ALHAMDULLILAH  overall the circuit had been run properly but its take about a week to troubleshooting the circuit before it can work properly according the flow chart . The objective that i need to achived in this week is to present the circuit to my supervisor SIR IZWAN ARIEF . And before going for testingi had prepared the mini video about my projects and had been upload above. From the video below had shown on how my circuit  was operated . 

TESTING PART

WEEK 26

After all the soldering process had been done , the next stage is to testing the circuit. Before testing process, all the components  needed had been assemble together before testing. There are motor with ultrasonic sensor, there adapter acts as the battery inside the car .

SOLDERING PROCESS

WEEK 25

After finished the etching process, the next part is about soldering the components on the PCB according the design. Solder needs a clean surface on which to adhere. Buff the copper foil of a PC board with steel wool before soldering. Remove any oil, paint, wax, etc. with a solvent, steel wool, or fine sandpaper. To solder, heat the connection with the tip of the soldering iron for a few seconds, then apply the solder. Open circuit can be troubleshoot by using jumper wire to make the connection between two traces. After all tracks are repaired properly. 

ETCHING PROCESS

WEEK 24

5 week to goooo.....!!! 

In this week, the objective that need to be achieved in this week is to make sure that the etching process had been done. The first step in this week and to complete the first objective in this week is to produced the PCB board and the etching process must be done. Below picture shown the step by step in developing the PCB 

Step 1: Prepare a layout of the circuit on any commonly used PCB designing software. A layout is a design which interconnects the components according to the schematic diagram (circuit diagram). Take a mirror image print of the layout on the OHP sheet using a laser printer. Make sure that the design is correct with proper placement of the components

Step 2: Cut the copper board according to the size of layout. A copper board is the base of a PCB, it can be single layer, double layer or multi layer board. Single layer copper board has copper on one side of the PCB, they are used to make single layer PCBs, it is widely used by hobbyist or in the small circuits. A double layer copper board consists of copper on both the sides of the PCB. These boards are generally used by the industries. A multilayer board has multiple layers of copper; they are quite costly and mainly used for complex circuitries like mother board of PC.

Step 3: Rub the copper side of PCB using steel wool. This removes the top oxide layer of copper as well as the photo resists layer if any.

Step 4: Put a white paper on the OHP sheet and start ironing. The heat applied by the electric iron causes the ink of the traces on the OHP sheet to stick on the copper plate exactly in the same way it is printed on the OHP sheet. This means that the copper sheet will now have the layout of the PCB printed on it. Allow the PCB plate to cool down and slowly remove the OHP sheet. Since it is manual process it may happen that the layout doesn’t comes properly on PCB or some of the tracks are broken in between. Use the permanent marker and complete the tracks properly.

Step 5: Take a plastic box and fill it up with some water. Dissolve 2-3 tea spoon of ferric chloride power in the water. Dip the PCB into the Etching solution (Ferric chloride solution, Fecl3) for approximately 30 mins. The Fecl3 reacts with the unmasked copper and removes the unwanted copper from the PCB. This process is called as Etching

Step 6: Take out the PCB wash it in cold water and remove the ink. The remaining area which has not been etched is the conductive copper tracks which connect the components as per the circuit diagram.

Step 8: Once all the copper is gone rinse it in the water bath, let it dry and use rubbing alcohol to whip off the ink transfered onto the PCB and PCB already DONE!!

DESIGN PCB

WEEK 23 

After the circuit on the breadboard had successfully develop and all the components had successfull troubleshooting , the next step is to design the circuit for PCB by using the PCB express software and all the copmonents had been develop according the circuit before . The below picture show that the PCB EXPRESS software 

The result of the circuit had been printed on the OHP paper for etching process. Below figure show that the result after designing and printing the circuit

HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT

WEEK 22

After finding the basic circuit  for hardware connection, I had develop the circuit on the breadboard before proceed to develop the circuit on the PCB. There are problems in part of LCD and motor development but the circuit had been troubleshoot to eliminate the problems.

 Before  testing the circuit at the bradboard, the PIC need to be burned with the program to know whether the circuit can operate according the function that I  need . The program need to be burned by using PICkit 2 Programmer . 

UNDERSTAND BASIC CIRCUIT FOR THE COMPONENTS

WEEK 21

Last week, i had purchase all the components needed in developing the circuit, for this week before assemble all the components,  the task for this week is to find the  basic circuit .In developing the hardware part,  the connection in the hardware part is not same as the proteous connection because the hardware connection is assemble by following the datasheet.

PIN DIAGRAM FOR PIC

OSC1 and OSC2 pins of the PIC must be  connected to 20MHz crystal to execute every single program line in the system. 20MHz crystal is used because this is the maximum frequency that the PIC can support. If over frequency the PIC will burn. Else if crystal speed less than 20MHz then PIC response speed will slower. The MCLR pin of the PIC is pull up to 5V through a 10KR resistor.

The PIC can operate using 4.5V to 6.0V DC voltage. In the project is operating at 5.0V (by using 7805). It is DIP layout (dual in line package) and suitable for project. It has 40 pins but only 33 I/O pins can be set as digital input or digital output. The digital output of the PIC is 5V (for signal 1) and 0V (for signal 0) these signals will be directly connected to actuators for control purpose.

 When the PIC pin is set as digital input. It will detect input voltage 5V as signal 1 and 0V as signal 0. Any voltage less than 0V or more than 5V will damage PIC.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUIT

The voltage regulator module is used to protect PIC and other connected sensors / actuators from over voltage. This is because PIC and all other connected sensors, actuators all support 5V DC only. Over voltage will cause any of the module burn. LM7805 is used to regulate voltage in the system and output 5V DC (max output current: 1000mA). It supports input voltage from 7V DC to 18V DC. If the input voltage is over, the LM7805 will burn or auto shutdown due to overheat. The generated 5V from LM7805 will be noise filtered by 0.1uF ceramic capacitor and a 1000uF electrolytic capacitor. This is to avoid high frequency oscillation on the outputs which may cause system hang or unstable. A diode is connected at the input of the LM7805. This is to avoid voltage connected reversely. An on/off switch is used to turn on/off the system and a LED (5V, 5mA) is used to indicate the system is power on/off. The LED is connected through 1KR resistor to limit current pass through LED is 5mA.

LCD PIN DIAGRAM

The backlight power rail differs often, the polarity can be different and some screens need an external resistor. Usually the supply voltage is 5V DC. Character LCDs can operate in 4-bit or 8-bit mode. In 4 bit mode, pins 7 through 10 are unused and the entire byte is sent to the screen using pins 11 through 14 by sending 4-bits (nibble) at a time.

PUSH BUTTON CIRCUIT

BUZZER CIRCUIT

MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT

The IC is also referred to as a push-pull four channel driver. An h-bridge is ideal for driving motors. The L293D provides two h-bridges for driving both motors on the robot base. The motor direction is controlled by logic signals from the microcontroller. Two signals per motor are required to control the direction and the below showb the pin diagram for motor driver connection .

TOTAL COST FOR COMPONENTS

WEEK 20

I had been going to jalan pasar to purchase all the components that had been listed above and it cost almost RM681.20 .Hopefully that all my components will be working properly without any problem. 

PURCHASING COMPONENTS

WEEK 19

After all the system had been studied properly, the next step is to buy all the components that had been listed as bellow. 

Microcontroller

IC Socket

Crystal

Capacitor

Voltage Regulator

Capacitor

Capacitor

LED

Resistor

Diode

Switch

Photo PCB

Etching Powder

PCB Developer

Battery

LCD

Buzzer

LED

Resistor array

Resistor

Motor Driver

Force Sensor

Ultrasonic Sensor

Double Gearbox

Narrow Tire

Adapter

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

WEEK 18

I had do develop the software programming for my project, first step is to develop the circuit by using the PROTEOUS software, in this software i had develop and include all the system that i want to used in the real circuit . For the ultrasonic sensor and force sensor , to determine the range in the software development , this sensor had been replace by using potentiometer so that we can see the range while we changed the range in the software development . By using the potentiometer its easy to determine the range in the ultrasonics sensor and also force sensor. In the circuit also we had include the motor and we can see the motor speed when there are obstacles change at the ultrasonics sensor which is determine by the potentiometer . Below picture had been shown the circuit development in the PROTEOUS .

For the programming part , i had develop the software by using the Ccompiler  which is by using C++ programming, although there are many problems when developing this programming, because there are a lot things that i need to study on how to develop the programming for LCD part, motor part and also the body part of the program. Finally the programming had successfully develop although there are a few times repaired the program and there are also error when developing the program. After the program had successfully develop, the next step is to convert the file in the hex file before testing to the PROTEOUS circuit. In developing the software part, there are a few times in troubleshooting the program so that the program will run as the needed sequence.Below are the picture when developing the program . 

DESCRIPTION OF FORCE SENSOR & ULTRASONIC SENSOR

WEEK 17


In the third week, i had research about the main sensor that i want to use such as ultrasonics sensorand also force sensor. The description of this sensor as below:


     Ultrasonic sensors

Ultrasonic sensors work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object.Maxsonar-EZ1 is operating at 5VDC voltage. It can detect any object between 6 inches to 255 inches. The output of the sensor can be serial, PWM or analogue. In this project analogue output is used, the accuracy of the output is 10mV/inch.  No calibration required before using this sensor.

Force sensor / membrane potentiometer

Membrane potentiometers consist of thin layers, each with a specific function, sealed inside a very thin protective envelope. Within the protective envelope are the membranes; a resistive strip and a conductive strip. The primary operational difference between a conventional potentiometer and a membrane potentiometer is in the wiper mechanism.A conventional potentiometer incorporates a resistive track and mechanical wiper. The wiper is spring loaded and moves along the resistive track thereby providing for a variable resistance. Tracks can be either linear or radial and various resistive materials such as wire, conductive plastic, Cermet, etc. are used. Linear motion potentiometers incorporate a wiper attached to a shaft that moves in straight path. A rotary potentiometer has a wiper attached to a rotating shaft which moves along the radial resistive track. Again, in a conventional potentiometer, the wiper is in direct contact with the resistive material.

In a membrane potentiometer, the wiper does not make direct contact with the resistive material but instead exerts a force through the top membrane layer through to the conductive layer which in turn contacts the resistive layer. This approach yields a much higher life cycle (in the millions) all within an environmentally sealed package (IP65 or better).

Membrane potentiometers are also available in designs that totally eliminate any mechanical contact between the wiper and resistive material altogether. This is accomplished by using an external magnet and integrating a metallic layer into the membrane potentiometer. The conductive layer of the membrane potentiometer is pulled into contact with the resistive layer by the magnetic force between the magnet and metallic layer. The result is the total elimination of any actuating force on the potentiometer which yields 20+ million life cycles .

Another design feature of a membrane potentiometer is its physical package. The overall thickness of a typical membrane potentiometer is < 1 mm, well under the physical limitation of a conventional potentiometer which is roughly 8 mm. A flat package also allows for a self-adhesive backing thereby accommodating a wide variety of mounting options.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM

WEEK 16

After discussing with my supervisor, i had meet the final year project coordinator to change my title and give the reason why i must change my project title. After write a letter and give the reasons had successfully change my title  and now my final year project tittle is Development of An Accident Prevention Model Development of An Accident Prevention Model. There are two system that i had develop in my projects which is first for detect the driver drowsiness and give the information to the other driver to make sure that other driver will beware of drowsiness driver. And the other system is about to detect if our car is too close to the other car.

In this system, i will use ultrasonic sensor(force sensor) to detect the driver drowsiness. This force sensor will read the initial force that we give to it, after that to detect the driver drowsiness is by read the force when the driver hold the steering. If the force is low than the initial force ,the RED led will ON to let other driver know that the driver in the drowsiness condition. If the force that we give when we hold the steering is more than the initial force, it will indicate that the driver in a good condition indicate by GREEN LED. This system is to make sure that the other driver or people in the car who see the red led will alert to the driver. In this system, i would not include the buzzer because sometimes driver will take of their hand to do something else, so i will used LED only to make sure other people in the car alert with the driver condition.

The second system we will prevent the accident which always happened when the car  when the driver follow the front car to near from each other, this will make an accident also,so from here i will develop the system that use the the ultrasonic sensor that will detect the obstacle distance. If the obstacle is more than 10 YELLOW LED will ON and the motor speed will at slow down.  If the obstacle is more than 7 RED  LED will ON and the motor speed will  stop and buzzer will ON. 

SENSOR PROBLEMS

WEEK 15

In the last semester, i had worked on the proposal of eye detection and accident prevention projects By looking at the newspaper , the main problem why accident happened because of driver become asleep after a long journey. From  this problem I get an ideas in develop the projects that help driver to awake from the sleep when they become sleepy . This will help to increase the accident statistics in Malaysia . i had worked on to develop the system that detect the eye during semester break to make sure that my projects will able to function without any problems. After i had worked on about a few weeks, i had got many problems . The main  problems is about my main part which is sensor .IR sensor are unable to detect my eye in open or in closed condition although i had troubleshoot for may times. After that , i had found the articles that tells the effect  of IR sensor or camera that detect the eye into our body system so i had made a decision to change my projects .If we look at the accidents nowadays, there are a few of factor that make the accidents happened. First it happened because the driver drowsiness and the other factor that accident can happened is because of the driver  drives too close to the other vehicle. From this problem statement, i had get an idea to change my projects from eye detection and accident prevention to the Development of An Accident Prevention Model which is more general compared to the  previous one.