PRESENTATION DAY..........

WEEK 28

8.00 am 

Today is my presentation day, i will do my best for my presentation .

2.00 pm

Finally i had success present my final year projects and there are recommendation that given by the accessor to improved my projects but im really happy because i do it well 

PRESENT TO SUPERVISOR

WEEK 27

After testing about my circuit, all the components had been troubleshooting properly and ALHAMDULLILAH  overall the circuit had been run properly but its take about a week to troubleshooting the circuit before it can work properly according the flow chart . The objective that i need to achived in this week is to present the circuit to my supervisor SIR IZWAN ARIEF . And before going for testingi had prepared the mini video about my projects and had been upload above. From the video below had shown on how my circuit  was operated . 

TESTING PART

WEEK 26

After all the soldering process had been done , the next stage is to testing the circuit. Before testing process, all the components  needed had been assemble together before testing. There are motor with ultrasonic sensor, there adapter acts as the battery inside the car .

SOLDERING PROCESS

WEEK 25

After finished the etching process, the next part is about soldering the components on the PCB according the design. Solder needs a clean surface on which to adhere. Buff the copper foil of a PC board with steel wool before soldering. Remove any oil, paint, wax, etc. with a solvent, steel wool, or fine sandpaper. To solder, heat the connection with the tip of the soldering iron for a few seconds, then apply the solder. Open circuit can be troubleshoot by using jumper wire to make the connection between two traces. After all tracks are repaired properly. 

ETCHING PROCESS

WEEK 24

5 week to goooo.....!!! 

In this week, the objective that need to be achieved in this week is to make sure that the etching process had been done. The first step in this week and to complete the first objective in this week is to produced the PCB board and the etching process must be done. Below picture shown the step by step in developing the PCB 

Step 1: Prepare a layout of the circuit on any commonly used PCB designing software. A layout is a design which interconnects the components according to the schematic diagram (circuit diagram). Take a mirror image print of the layout on the OHP sheet using a laser printer. Make sure that the design is correct with proper placement of the components

Step 2: Cut the copper board according to the size of layout. A copper board is the base of a PCB, it can be single layer, double layer or multi layer board. Single layer copper board has copper on one side of the PCB, they are used to make single layer PCBs, it is widely used by hobbyist or in the small circuits. A double layer copper board consists of copper on both the sides of the PCB. These boards are generally used by the industries. A multilayer board has multiple layers of copper; they are quite costly and mainly used for complex circuitries like mother board of PC.

Step 3: Rub the copper side of PCB using steel wool. This removes the top oxide layer of copper as well as the photo resists layer if any.

Step 4: Put a white paper on the OHP sheet and start ironing. The heat applied by the electric iron causes the ink of the traces on the OHP sheet to stick on the copper plate exactly in the same way it is printed on the OHP sheet. This means that the copper sheet will now have the layout of the PCB printed on it. Allow the PCB plate to cool down and slowly remove the OHP sheet. Since it is manual process it may happen that the layout doesn’t comes properly on PCB or some of the tracks are broken in between. Use the permanent marker and complete the tracks properly.

Step 5: Take a plastic box and fill it up with some water. Dissolve 2-3 tea spoon of ferric chloride power in the water. Dip the PCB into the Etching solution (Ferric chloride solution, Fecl3) for approximately 30 mins. The Fecl3 reacts with the unmasked copper and removes the unwanted copper from the PCB. This process is called as Etching

Step 6: Take out the PCB wash it in cold water and remove the ink. The remaining area which has not been etched is the conductive copper tracks which connect the components as per the circuit diagram.

Step 8: Once all the copper is gone rinse it in the water bath, let it dry and use rubbing alcohol to whip off the ink transfered onto the PCB and PCB already DONE!!

DESIGN PCB

WEEK 23 

After the circuit on the breadboard had successfully develop and all the components had successfull troubleshooting , the next step is to design the circuit for PCB by using the PCB express software and all the copmonents had been develop according the circuit before . The below picture show that the PCB EXPRESS software 

The result of the circuit had been printed on the OHP paper for etching process. Below figure show that the result after designing and printing the circuit

HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT

WEEK 22

After finding the basic circuit  for hardware connection, I had develop the circuit on the breadboard before proceed to develop the circuit on the PCB. There are problems in part of LCD and motor development but the circuit had been troubleshoot to eliminate the problems.

 Before  testing the circuit at the bradboard, the PIC need to be burned with the program to know whether the circuit can operate according the function that I  need . The program need to be burned by using PICkit 2 Programmer . 

UNDERSTAND BASIC CIRCUIT FOR THE COMPONENTS

WEEK 21

Last week, i had purchase all the components needed in developing the circuit, for this week before assemble all the components,  the task for this week is to find the  basic circuit .In developing the hardware part,  the connection in the hardware part is not same as the proteous connection because the hardware connection is assemble by following the datasheet.

PIN DIAGRAM FOR PIC

OSC1 and OSC2 pins of the PIC must be  connected to 20MHz crystal to execute every single program line in the system. 20MHz crystal is used because this is the maximum frequency that the PIC can support. If over frequency the PIC will burn. Else if crystal speed less than 20MHz then PIC response speed will slower. The MCLR pin of the PIC is pull up to 5V through a 10KR resistor.

The PIC can operate using 4.5V to 6.0V DC voltage. In the project is operating at 5.0V (by using 7805). It is DIP layout (dual in line package) and suitable for project. It has 40 pins but only 33 I/O pins can be set as digital input or digital output. The digital output of the PIC is 5V (for signal 1) and 0V (for signal 0) these signals will be directly connected to actuators for control purpose.

 When the PIC pin is set as digital input. It will detect input voltage 5V as signal 1 and 0V as signal 0. Any voltage less than 0V or more than 5V will damage PIC.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR CIRCUIT

The voltage regulator module is used to protect PIC and other connected sensors / actuators from over voltage. This is because PIC and all other connected sensors, actuators all support 5V DC only. Over voltage will cause any of the module burn. LM7805 is used to regulate voltage in the system and output 5V DC (max output current: 1000mA). It supports input voltage from 7V DC to 18V DC. If the input voltage is over, the LM7805 will burn or auto shutdown due to overheat. The generated 5V from LM7805 will be noise filtered by 0.1uF ceramic capacitor and a 1000uF electrolytic capacitor. This is to avoid high frequency oscillation on the outputs which may cause system hang or unstable. A diode is connected at the input of the LM7805. This is to avoid voltage connected reversely. An on/off switch is used to turn on/off the system and a LED (5V, 5mA) is used to indicate the system is power on/off. The LED is connected through 1KR resistor to limit current pass through LED is 5mA.

LCD PIN DIAGRAM

The backlight power rail differs often, the polarity can be different and some screens need an external resistor. Usually the supply voltage is 5V DC. Character LCDs can operate in 4-bit or 8-bit mode. In 4 bit mode, pins 7 through 10 are unused and the entire byte is sent to the screen using pins 11 through 14 by sending 4-bits (nibble) at a time.

PUSH BUTTON CIRCUIT

BUZZER CIRCUIT

MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT

The IC is also referred to as a push-pull four channel driver. An h-bridge is ideal for driving motors. The L293D provides two h-bridges for driving both motors on the robot base. The motor direction is controlled by logic signals from the microcontroller. Two signals per motor are required to control the direction and the below showb the pin diagram for motor driver connection .

TOTAL COST FOR COMPONENTS

WEEK 20

I had been going to jalan pasar to purchase all the components that had been listed above and it cost almost RM681.20 .Hopefully that all my components will be working properly without any problem. 

PURCHASING COMPONENTS

WEEK 19

After all the system had been studied properly, the next step is to buy all the components that had been listed as bellow. 

Microcontroller

IC Socket

Crystal

Capacitor

Voltage Regulator

Capacitor

Capacitor

LED

Resistor

Diode

Switch

Photo PCB

Etching Powder

PCB Developer

Battery

LCD

Buzzer

LED

Resistor array

Resistor

Motor Driver

Force Sensor

Ultrasonic Sensor

Double Gearbox

Narrow Tire

Adapter

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

WEEK 18

I had do develop the software programming for my project, first step is to develop the circuit by using the PROTEOUS software, in this software i had develop and include all the system that i want to used in the real circuit . For the ultrasonic sensor and force sensor , to determine the range in the software development , this sensor had been replace by using potentiometer so that we can see the range while we changed the range in the software development . By using the potentiometer its easy to determine the range in the ultrasonics sensor and also force sensor. In the circuit also we had include the motor and we can see the motor speed when there are obstacles change at the ultrasonics sensor which is determine by the potentiometer . Below picture had been shown the circuit development in the PROTEOUS .

For the programming part , i had develop the software by using the Ccompiler  which is by using C++ programming, although there are many problems when developing this programming, because there are a lot things that i need to study on how to develop the programming for LCD part, motor part and also the body part of the program. Finally the programming had successfully develop although there are a few times repaired the program and there are also error when developing the program. After the program had successfully develop, the next step is to convert the file in the hex file before testing to the PROTEOUS circuit. In developing the software part, there are a few times in troubleshooting the program so that the program will run as the needed sequence.Below are the picture when developing the program .